Damage to the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) frequently develops following a TBI and can result in complex behavioral abnormalities, such as difficulty focusing and paying attention. As a result of our investigation into the effect of musical training on individuals with behavioral and cognitive abnormalities following a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), the OFC networks underwent significant functional neuro-plastic changes. The results of a neuropsychological test showed that cognitive function had improved. After the intervention, six of the seven people in this group went back to work, and they all said that their social and emotional behavior had changed. This study examines the connecting networks that may be responsible for improved social interaction in relation to the functional changes in the OFC that occurred following the music-supported intervention. We also talk about the release of dopamine during play as a factor that could affect the results. For eight weeks, the intervention consisted of two 30-minute piano lessons with a teacher. At home, additional playtime of at least 15 minutes per day was required.

Participants reported spending an average of three hours per week playing the piano during the intervention phase. There were three groups of people in the group: an mTBI group (n = 7), two healthy control groups (n = 11), one of which received music training and a baseline group (n = 12) that did not receive any music training. While in the hospital, the participants in the clinical group had received standardised cognitive rehabilitation therapy, but they had not yet recovered from their impairments. The intervention was carried out two years after the injury occurred. All participants underwent task- and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) evaluations before and after the intervention. The treatment group (OFC) showed a significant improvement on neuropsychological tests, which supported the fMRI findings of functional changes in the orbitofrontal networks. The same changes were observed in both resting-state fMRI and simple task fMRI when dynamic causal modeling was used to examine them. We hypothesized that practicing the piano in accordance with the instruction may improve social interaction and overall well-being. We propose that the novelty of the intervention may benefit clinically individuals with behavioral issues following a TBI